| Category | Kidney Problems |
Renal calculi are a common cause of blood in the urine (hematuria) and pain in the abdomen, flank, or groin. Development of the stones is related to decreased urine volume or increased excretion of stone-forming components such as calcium, oxalate, uric acid, cystine, xanthine, and phosphate. Calculi may also be caused by low urinary citrate levels or excessive urinary acidity.
